Variable Resistor 1M

Variable Resistor 1M

Figure: This is figure of variable resistor 1 mega ohm

Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power (more than a watt), since the power dissipated in the potentiometer would be comparable to the power in the controlled load (see infinite switch). Instead they are used to adjust the level of analog signals (e.g. volume controls on audio equipment), and as control inputs for electronic circuits. For example, a light dimmer uses a potentiometer to control the switching of a TRIAC and so indirectly control the brightness of lamps.

Capacitor 1 farad

Capacitor 1 farad

Figure: figure above the example of the 1 farad capacitor.

Operation:

Charge separation in a parallel-plate capacitor causes an internal electric field. A dielectric (orange) reduces the field and increases the capacitance.

A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region. The non-conductive region is called the dielectric. In simpler terms, the dielectric is just an electrical insulator. Examples of dielectric mediums are glass, air, paper, vacuum, and even a semiconductor depletion region chemically identical to the conductors. A capacitor is assumed to be self-contained and isolated, with no net electric charge and no influence from any external electric field. The conductors thus hold equal and opposite charges on their facing surfaces, and the dielectric develops an electric field. In SI units, a capacitance of one farad means that one coulomb of charge on each conductor causes a voltage of one volt across the device.

The capacitor is a reasonably general model for electric fields within electric circuits. An ideal capacitor is wholly characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined as the ratio of charge ±Q on each conductor to the voltage V between them

Solar Cell

Solar Cell

Figure: this is figure of the solar cell 

Solar cell function: A solar cell (also called photovoltaic cell or photoelectric cell) is a solid state electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.

Assemblies of cells used to make solar modules which are used to capture energy from sunlight, are known as solar panels. The energy generated from these solar modules, referred to as solar power, is an example of solar energy.

Photovoltaics is the field of technology and research related to the practical application of photovoltaic cells in producing electricity from light, though it is often used specifically to refer to the generation of electricity from sunlight.

Cells are described as photovoltaic cells when the light source is not necessarily sunlight. These are used for detecting light or other electromagnetic radiation near the visible range, for example infrared detectors, or measurement of light intensity.

component and price

Project Costing

The component required for the project proposal was listed below:

BIL	COMPONENT	QUANTITY	PRICE/RM
01	RESISTOR 180 OHM	1	4.90
02	RESISTOR 15M OHM	1	3.70
03	RESISTOR 100K OHM	1	1.30
04	VARIABLE RESISTOR 1M OHM	1	17.70
05	CAPACITOR 1 FARAD	1	2.70
06	CAPACITOR 470 MICRO FARAD	1	0.90
07	TRANSISTOR TIPP31C NPN	1	3.20
08	ZENER DIODE 1WATT	1	1.70
09	SIGNAL DIODE 1N4148	1	0.10
10	TRANSISTOR 2N3819	1	2.20
11	SOLAR PENAL 6 V – 12 V 1mWatt	1	193.50
12	P.C.B BOARD	1	12.00
13	OHP	1	1.00
	TOTAL		244.90

Block diagram

Title of activities: Drawing the block diagram and show the flow chart of the block diagram

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure: this figure shown the block diagram of solar power

Block Diagram Operation

·         HEAT FROM SUNLIGHT

The heat from the sun that heat up the solar plate

·         SOLAR CELL

Solar cell will receive the heat from the sun trough the solar plate and change the heat into electrical source

·         CAPACITORS

Capacitor will store the electrical charge from the solar plate

·         SUPPLY

The charge from the capacitor that has been stored in capacitor will be use as supply for the output.

(Construct and simulate the circuit using software)( Designing the PCB layout using Proteus 2 software)

Title of activities: Construct and simulate the circuit using software

Objective:

·         To simulate the selected project using recommended software

·         To understand the circuit part by part using this software

·         To learn how to do the right simulation using the software before constructing the real circuit.

Content/procedure:

·         Construct the circuit in (Multisim, Proteus) software by finding the component in the software library part by part

·         After got all the component from the library, do the connection for every component by referring the project schematic that given in  the magazine

·         Label all the components and put the recommended value of each component

·         Simulate the circuit and analyze the output part by part

·         Save the schematic

Figure 1

Result and analysis:

·         The circuit is done with simulation

·         In this diagram solar replace with battery

·         The reason for why we do the simulation for the circuit is to confirm the functionality of this project before we construct the real circuit and do simulation in lab.

·         After this simulation, we have got that the component is working as mentioned in the magazine.

Conclusion:

·         We are able to do the simulation for every circuit of this project and we are able to know how the circuit is working by checking every part of the circuit.

Figure 1 & 2: schematic diagram solar power supply

Title of activities: Designing the PCB layout using Proteus 2 software

Objective:

·         To construct the solar circuit in the PCB layout  using the Proteus Software

·         To make it the circuit compact

·         To learn how to produce the good PCB using the software by arranging all the wire properly.

Content/procedure:

·         The circuit construct following the circuit given

·         The circuit has been done convert to the PCB

·         the component find in the software library part by part

·         Do the connection for every component by referring the project schematic that given in  the magazine

·         Label all the components and put the recommended value of each component

·         After finish connecting the wire of every component, convert the schematic to PCB layout and do arrangement to the component. The wire must be arrange in a right arrangement to prevent the error connection of PCB

·         Print out PCB layout on transparent paper

Result and analysis:

·         The PCB layout is done

·         The reason for why we designing the PCB layout are for the circuit is to produce the PCB to install the component of the project.

Conclusion:

·         After finish this week of activities, we are able to produce the PCB layout by using the software and print it out before we proceed to next step that is do the etching . 

the PCB layout